Intermediate II YEAR - PHYSICS
(Only S.I.Units are to be adopted)
(With Effect from 2004-2005)

I. SOUND: (12 Periods)
Characteristics of a sound note - Formation of stationary waves in stretched strings - Laws of vibrating strings - Experimental verifica-tion by Sonometer - Beats - Definition and explanation - Doppler Effect - Derivation of formula for apparent frequency in specific cases - Applications and limitations of Doppler Effect - Echoes - Absorp-tion of sound waves - Reverberations - Fundamentals of Building acoustics - Statement of Sabine's formula (Qualitative treatment only)

II. RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: (15 Periods)
Nature of light - Newton's corpuscular theory - Huygen's wave theory - Electromagnetic wave theory, Properties of Electro-magnetic waves - Quantum theory (Elementary ideas only) - - Critical angle - Total internal reflection - Application to Optical fibres. Len's Maker's for-mula 1/f = (m - 1) (1/R 1 + 1/R 2 ) (expression only) - Defects of images - Spherical and Chromatic aberrations and their elimination (Qualita-tive treatment) - Construction of Ramsden's and Huygen's eyepieces. Dispersion of light - Dispersive Power - Pure and impure spectra - Conditions for obtaining pure spectrum. Different kinds of spectra - Emission spectra-line, band and continu-ous spectra; Absorption spectra - Their significance; Fraunhofer lines and their significance.

III. PHYSICAL OPTICS: (8 Periods)
Interference - Coherent sources - young's double slit experiment - Applications - Diffraction - phenomenon of diffraction - Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction - Applications - Polarisation - concepts of polarisation - production of plane polarised light by reflection, refrac-tion and double refraction (Polaroids).

IV. MAGNETISM: (10 Periods)
Coulomb's inverse square law - Couple acting on a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field - Magnetic moment of a magnet - Ex-pression for Magnetic induction due to a bar magnet on axial and Equatorial lines - Superposition of magnetic fields - Tangent law - Deflection Magnetometer - Comparison of magnetic moments in Tan-A and Tan-B positions by Equal distance method and null method - Verification of Inverse square law; vibration Magnetometer - Experi-mental determination of M and H.

V. ELECTROSTATICS: (12 Periods)
Coulomb's Law - Permittivity - concept of electric field - Electric lines of force - Force on a charge in an electric field (F=Eq) - Electric potential - Potential due to point charge - potential energy of a point charge in a uniform electric field - electron volt - relation between E and V (E=V/d). Capacitance - Dielectric constant - Parallel plate capacitor - men-tion of formula for capacitance - di-electric materials (Elementary treatment) - effect of di-electric on capacity (Expressions only) - derivation of formulae for resultant capacitance, when capacitors are connected in series and parallel - Energy stored in a capacitor - effect of di-electric on the energy - types of capacitors and their uses.

VI. CURRENT ELECTRICITY: (10 Periods)
Ohm's Law - Ohmic and non-ohmic resistances - specific resistance - conductance - temperature dependence of resistivity - thermistor - emf of a cell - internal resistance and back
e.m.f. Kirchoff's laws - statement and explanation - application to wheatstone's bridge for its balance conditions - metre bridge - prin-ciple of potentiometer - Comparison of e.m.f. of cell - determination of internal resistance of a primary cell - Series and parallel combi-nation of cells.

VII. THERMOELECTRICITY: (5 Periods)
Seebeck effect - peltier and Thomson effects and their coefficients - variation of thermo e.m.f. with temperature - Neutral and inversion temperatures - application of thermo couples.

VIII. ELECTROMAGNITICS: (20 Periods)
Oersted's experiment - Biot-Savart law - Ampere law - magnetic field near a long straight wire and at the centre of a circular coil carry-ing current (expressions only) - Tangent galvanometer principle and working - force on a moving charge in a magnetic field - f=(q.VxB) - force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field - force between two straight parallel conductors carrying current - definition of ampere - Fleming's left hand rule-force and torque on current loop in a magnetic field - construction and working of a moving coil galva-nometer - shunt and its uses - conversion of moving coil galvanom-eter into ammeter and voltmeter - Comparison of MCG with T.G. Electromagnetic induction - Magnetic flux and induced emf-Faraday and lenz's laws - Fleming's right hand rule - self and mutual induc-tance - Henry - Principle of transformer (Elementary ideas). a.c. current circuits - Introduction - Instantaneous, maximum and r-ms values of a.c current - growth and decay of current in an inductor - growth and decay of charge in a capacitor - A.C. Circuits - L.C, C.R. and L.C.R. circuits.

IX. ATOMIC PHYSICS: (10 Periods)
Discovery of electron-e/m of electron by Thomson's method - charge of an electron by Millikan's oil drop method (Principle only). Photoelectric effect-laws of photo electric emission - Einstein's Pho-toelectric equation and its experimental verification by Millikan's method - photo electric cells and their uses. X-ray spectra - Mosley's law and its importance - Compton effect - dual nature of matter - DeBroglie's hypothesis (concepts only)

X. NUCLEAR PHYSICS: (10 Periods)
Composition of nucleus - nuclear forces - mass defect and binding energy (Explanations with examples) - artificial transmutation of ele-ments - Discovery of neutron - nuclear fission - chain reaction - Principle and working of a nuclear reactor - Radio-Isotopes and their uses - Nuclear radiation hazards - Protective shielding - Nuclear fusion - energy of the sun and the stars (Carbon - Nitrogen cycle and Proton - Proton cycle) - elementary particles.

XI. SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES: (8 Periods)
Junction diode - depletion layer - barrier potential - forward and re-verse bias - current - voltage characteristics - junction diode as half wave and full wave rectifiers - Zener diode as Voltage regulator. Transistors pnp and npn transistors - Transistor characteristics - Tran-sistor amplifier (common emitter).