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Aims:
1. To enable candidates to acquire the knowledge and to develop an understanding of biological terms, concepts, facts, principles, formulae, etc.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge of biology in unfamiliar situations.
3. To develop experimental skills required in biology practical work.
4. To create awareness about the problems of the environment and the manner in which these problems can be overcome.
5. To develop the ability to appreciate biological phenomena in nature and the contribution of biology to human welfare.
6. To develop interest in plants and animals and in their respective environments.
7. To develop scientific attitude towards biological phenomena.
8. To create awareness of the fundamentals of human biology, food, health, nutrition and population control.
CLASS XI
There will be two papers in the subject.
Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ... 70 marks
Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 20 marks
Project Work … 7 marks
Practical File … 3marks
PAPER I -THEORY - 70 Marks
There will be one paper of 3 hours duration divided into 2 parts.
Part 1 (20 marks) will consist of compulsory short answer questions, testing knowledge, application and skills relating to elementary/fundamental aspects of
the entire syllabus.
Part 2 (50 marks) will be divided into two Sections A and B. Candidates are required to answer three out of five questions from Section A and two out of four
questions from Section B. Each question in this part shall carry 10 marks.
SECTION - A
1. The Living World
(i) Tools of Biology: (Dissecting microscope, compound microscope, electron microscope); Methods of scientific research. Scope of Biology.
(ii) Being alive: what does it mean? Life as an expression of energy; and homeostasis.
2. Diversity of Life
(i) Taxonomy and phylogeny, shortcoming of two-kingdom classification, five-kingdom classification: general idea of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
(ii) Kingdom Monera: Bacteria - forms of bacteria, reproduction, gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria; economic importance; cyanobacteria: characteristic features;
archaebacter.
(iii) General characteristics of Kingdom Protista - Characteristics and examples of subgroups:
(a) Chrysophytes (b) Dinoflagellates,
(c) Euglenoids, (d) Slime moulds,
(e) Protozoans.
(iv) Kingdom Fungi: zygomycetes, ascomycetes, basidomycetes, deuteromycetes - general characteristics. Brief idea of lichens and mycorrhizae.
(v) Plant Kingdom: Algae - Classification and economic importance of Chlorophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Rhodophyceae; structure of Spirogyra; Bryophyta: morphology of Funaria. Pteridophyta - morphology of a Fern; Gymnosperms: morphology and life cycle of Pinus; Angiosperms- monocot and
dicot plants. Morphology and modification of root, stem and leaves.
(vi) Animal Kingdom: animal construction - body plan, symmetry, coelom development, segmentation; distinguishing characters of Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata - sub phyla Hemichordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata
and Vertebrata (classes - pisces, amphibia, reptilia, aves and mammalia).
(vii) Morphology and anatomy of different systems of earthworm, cockroach and frog.
3. Organism and Environment
(i) Species and Population: concept of species, interaction between members of a species (cooperation, communication and competition).
(ii) Biotic community: intraspecific and interspecific relationship, commensalism, predation, scavenging, parasitism, symbiosis, biotic stability and biotic succession.
(iii) Ecosystem: biotic and abiotic components, food chain, trophic levels, food webs, ecological pyramids, major ecosystems, man made ecosystem - agro ecosystem.
SECTION B
4. Unit of Life
(i) Biomolecules: Carbohydrates - classification, functions of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides; Proteins - amino acids, essential and non-essential amino acids, peptide bond, classification and functions of proteins; Lipids - classification, properties and structure. Structure of nucleic
acids and their functions, differences between DNA and RNA.
(ii) Enzymes: molecular structure, general properties, classification, mechanism of enzyme action, allosteric modulation, factors affecting enzyme activity.
(iii) Cell membranes: unit membrane concept, fluid mosaic model, membrane transport, passive and active transport, exocytosis and endocytosis. Facilitated diffusion.
(iv) Structural organisation of the cell: cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, lysosomes, ribosomes, microfilaments, microtubules, cilia and flagella, vacuoles and cell inclusions. Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell - a comparison.
(v) Cellular respiration: aerobic and anaerobic, fermentation, glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory quotient. Amphibolic pathway.
5. Continuity of Life
(i) Cell reproduction: cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis.
(ii) Fundamentals of Genetics: concept of alleles: dominant and recessive; phenotype and genotype, homozygous and heterozygous, mono and dihybrid crosses.
(iii) Mendel's experiments with peas; Mendel's Principles of inheritance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles and epistasis.
(iv) Genes: packaging of hereditary material in prokaryotes, bacterial chromosome; plasmid and eukaryotic chromosomes; gene interaction, cytoplasmic inheritance, viral genes, complementary genes, linkage maps, sx determination and sx linkage; gene manipulation, genetic code, protein synthesis. Human genome project. DNA finger printing.
(v) Mutation: chromosomal and gene mutations, somatic and heritable mutations, spontaneous and induced mutations; role of mutations in speciation.
(vi) Recombinant DNA technology and its applications.
6. Applications of Biology
(i) Animal Husbandry: Dairy farm management, poultry farm management, bee keeping and fisheries.
(ii) Plant diseases: rust and smut of wheat, blight of rice, late blight of potato, bean mosaic and root knot of vegetables.
PAPER II
PRACTICAL WORK ' 20 Marks
1. Scientific Techniques
Study parts of a dissecting microscope and compound microscope.
2. Physiology
Students will be required to carry out sequence of instructions or experiments such as:
(i) Food tests: test for starch, glucose, sucrose, proteins and fats.
(ii) To demonstrate the effect of thawing, heat and alcohol on permeability of beet root cells.
(iii) To demonstrate the action of an inorganic catalyst (MnO2) and enzyme (catalase) from potato/ liver on hydrogen peroxide and effect of heat on their activity.
(iv) Demonstration of the effect of temperature on enzyme (diastase) action on starch solution.
3. Morphology
(i) Study of different modifications in root, stem and leaves.
(ii) Preparation of temporary slide of Mucor / Rhizopus.
4. Cytology
Preparation of -
(i) Stages of Mitosis in onion root tips.
(ii) Stages of Meiosis in grasshopper testes.
5. Spotting: (Three minutes to be given for each spot. Separate continuation sheets should be used which need to be collected at the end of
spotting).
(a) Comment and identify:
(i) Stages of mitosis.
(ii) Stages of meiosis.
(b) Study of stained preparations/specimen of the following:
Identification of plants -
(i) Bacteria
(ii) Model of TMV
(iii) Model of bacteriophage
(iv) Rust
(v) Liverworts
(vi) Moss
(vii) Fern
(viii) Pinus
(ix) Spirogyra
(x) Mushroom
(xi) Yeast
(xii) Lichen
(c) Identification of animals -
(i) Amoeba
(ii) Paramoecium
(iii) Bath Sponge
(iv) Hydra
(v) Liver Fluke
(vi) Ascaris
(vii) Leech
(viii) Earthworm
(ix) Prawn/Crab
(x) Centipede/ Millipede
(xi) Honey Bee
(xii) Snail (Pila)
(xiii) Octopus
(xiv) Starfish
(xv) Amphioxus / Herdmania
(xvi) Dogfish
(xvii) Rohu fish
(xviii) Frog
(xix) Snake / Garden lizard
(xx) Sparrow / Pigeon
(xxi) Rabbit/ Squirrel
PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE ' 10 Marks
Project Work ' 7 Marks
Candidate is to creatively execute one project/assignment on any aspect of Biology.
Following is only a suggestive list of projects. Teachers may assign or students may choose any one project of their choice.
(i) Project related to experiment on any aspect of plant life.
(ii) Project related to any aspect of environment.
(iii) Projects related to modern researches in Biology, e.g. test-tube babies.
(iv) Role of genetics in investigating crimes.
(v) Yeast fermentation and production of alcohol or any other commercial industry dependant on plants and/or animals or their products.
In addition, students may be taught how to culture:
Earthworms.
Protozoans.
Moulds.
Setting up of an aquarium.
Practical File ' 3 Marks
Teachers are required to assess students on the basis of the Biology Practical file maintained by them during the academic year.
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